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+=====Farewell Summer.=====
+James Devaney.
+Oh the long summer twilights, lingering now no more\\
+Faint summer scents and happy bushland cries!\\
+The grey thrush pipes a few sad notes beneath grey skies\\
+He has no heart to sing -- Summer is o'er.\\
+The cuckoos now are gone, the summer's darling guests,\\
+The Bluebirds, the wood swallows, all are flown;\\
+Sadly the branches sway their cold abandoned nests;\\
+Softly the first cold winds begin to moan.\\
+Farewell, summer! Every hill and dell\\
+Seems whispering low, a lingering faint farewell.
+----
+=====Cost Of The Magazine.=====
+The Business Manager.
+In the last two years thcl cost of producing the magazine has increased rapidly. Covers have increased 60%, stencils 50%. stencil cutting 33-1/3% and other costs in compatible proportions. If the price remained at 3d. there would probably be a loss of nearly £10 this year.
+This position was explained to the last General Meeting, and it was decided to increase the price to 4d., at which price there will probably be a loss of £3 to £4. Annual subscription rates will now be 4/-, and 5/6d if the magazine is to be posted.
+The circulation of the magazine has not decreased. There is still the same amount of voluntary work put into its composition, duplication and distribution. The magazine committee will be very disappointed if there is any falling off in sales at the new price.
+----
+=====Southern Alps and Alpine Huts.=====
-FAREELL SVEER
-James Devaney,
-Oh the long summer twilights, lingering now no more Faint summer scents and happy bushland cries!
-The grey thrush pipes a few sad notes beneath grey skies He has no heart to sing -- Summer is o'er-,
-The cuckoos now are gone, the summer's darling guests, The Bluebirds, the wood swallows, all are flown; Sadly the branches sway their cold abandoned nests; Softly the first cold winds begin to laoan.
-Farewell, summer! Every hill and dell
-Seems whispering low, a 4.ingering faint farewell.
--77
-COST OF TIE' LI.A.GAZ - TI-Tevel BUS INES3 laNAGER
-In the last two Tears thcl cost of '1.c)i-acing the magazine has increased ral,idly. Covers have increased 60%, stencils 50%1. stencil cutting 33-1/3;0
-. and other costs in comDatable proportions. If the price remained at d. there would probably be a loss of nearly 5110 this year.
-This position was e-k)lained to the last General Leoting, and it vas decided to increase the price to 4d., at which -price there will Trobably be a loss of 3 to CA. Annual subscription rates will now be 4/-, and 5/6d if the magazine is to be - osted.
-The circulation of the magazine has not decreased. There is still the same amount of voluntary work put into its composition, duplication and distribution. The magazine committee will be very disainted if there is any falling off in sales at the. new price.
--
-SOUTHERN-ALPS-AND ALZ-'1,11E HUTS
 Edna Garrad.
-I, have always been a' trifle "Sniffy." about huts, regarding'them'as dirty and rat infested. However_ after a recent holiday down Kosciusko way, I have decided that my prejudice arose from -Dure iznoralice, and I have been completely converted to their many advantages in high -Country 'and to their general desirability. In view of theaCtivities 'cif' the Tiostel Movement' and kindred bodies at present, I thought perha:s thoe 'members who do not knew the huts might be interested to hear of those we visd.
-We camped first, immediately in front of Foreman's Hut, situated just over Charlotte Pass i using the building as a wind break. At this heijnt we were above the tree line and there was little or no shelter. It was cold and windy at ni:,'ht and we were glad to use the fireplace situated on the verandah as it would have been very un-lleasant cooking over the usual campfire. We made beds of sweat smelling heather, surmounted: by blankets from the hut, and were very comfortable. Foreman's has recently been renovated and is a somewhat comodious hut of three rooms and verandah. We were execting the owner, Mr.Wallace, to arrive any day with his men to strt mustering the sheep but saw nothing of 'them, Using this campsite as ,a bass we explored the lakes and Kosciusko and To-wnsend. he only thing that impres-sed me about Mt. Kosciusko was the inscrilption on the tablet erected'there:-
-"from the valley of the Murray's pinnacle rocky and naked predominate over several othots was choieen by Strezelecke for a point of trig survey.
-y The particular confiuration of:this eminence he recorded struck me so forcibly by the simil7rity it boars to a tumulus elevated in Krakow, over the tomb of the patriot Kosciusko, that although in a foreign country, on foreign ground, but amongst a free peo-ele, who appreciate fre:dom and its votaries, I could not refrain from giving it the name of KoscLusko".
-Mt. Townsend however provided one oftthe most magnificent views ima in- able. Visibility was good and we looked away south into the Victorian mountains, range upon range of misty blue, surmounted by a bank of white cloud.
-Away below to the right was the lovely valley of the Goehi, which we subse-
-quently visited, and which realised for us all that this first glimpse promised.
-In order to sour,an early start down the Ramshead Range we moved up to Seaman's Hut, arriving in a gale of such force that we could hardly stand
-against it. Lying snugly in bed that night I appreciated the advantage of being within four stout walls.. This is a two roomed hut with lobby containing wood
-(tha, hut is well above the tree line and no doubt-in winter is kext well Sup)lied with wood. We can:ied all we could find up to it for ouw own lise), and contains a stove which servos the double -ourpose of warming the hut and
- cooking. There is very little space on it for conking and it is obviously not intended for anything but a temorary abode. There are windows on each wall and you have lovely 'Views of nearby peaks, hidden by skuading clouds at times or lighted by sunriSe or moonlight, but in all circumstances delightful.
-Following a very enjoyable trip down to the Murray we returned to Foreman's and as L[r.Viallace still did not put in an ap6arance we took advantage of the beds, and after a very strenuous climb up Hannels Spur (and after arising at 5 a m.) we did aPPruciate those beds: Vie hope somblay to meet Mr.17allace
-in order to thankhm for the use of his hut. Ourfd6d for the second week
--
-was loft safely there whilst we jaunted down to..Victofta.
-The next hut visited was Pounds and by this time we were so converted to huts that we did not make any attem-pt to erect our tents. This hut consists of two rooms and is Provided with 5 or 6.bedsteads -Aid-Mattresses, beds one :above the other bunk type, and contains the usual cciakor. This hut is situated in the loveliest valley and we felt,'dontont to stay thurc indefinitely.
-Vie. were now down amonst th,-; trees again, and all around -yore green. ridges
-. with znow gums t11row14T.out their branches in fantastic sha:oes. The snowy River had greatly inc:oe:-Lrsed in size and here were long pools that we felt must abdund in trout.
-Whites River Hut has been described to us as being in,the most beautiful
+I have always been a trifle "sniffy" about huts, regarding them as dirty and rat infested. However after a recent holiday down Kosciusko way, I have decided that my prejudice arose from pure ignorance, and I have been completely converted to their many advantages in high country and to their general desirability. In view of the activities of the Hostel Movement and kindred bodies at present, I thought perhaps those members who do not knew the huts might be interested to hear of those we visited.
-valley of_ the Range in 17inter, and vie unqerstand that in Spring with the 4. -Surrounding hills smothored in purla hoathar it is v,ry delightful. However 'it was the only hut we found in a dirty condition and we w re,flot impres:ed.
-, As we loft and looked b.D:ck down the valley, glmrious banks of clouds were
+We camped first, immediately in front of Foreman's Hut, situated just over Charlotte Pass, using the building as a wind break. At this height we were above the tree line and there was little or no shelter. It was cold and windy at night and we were glad to use the fireplace situated on the verandah as it would have been very upleasant cooking over the usual campfire. We made beds of sweet smelling heather, surmounted by blankets from the hut, and were very comfortable. Foreman's has recently been renovated and is a somewhat comodious hut of three rooms and verandah. We were expecting the owner, Mr. Wallace, to arrive any day with his men to start mustering the sheep but saw nothing of them, Using this campsite as a base we explored the lakes and Kosciusko and Townsend. The only thing that impressed me about Mt. Kosciusko was the inscription on the tablet erected there:-
-crossing the horizon,:aAd this somewhat tended to give a 111-.? d or recollectio# of the locality. -
-Vie had intnded to stay a day' or two at the Tin Hut, not knowing that
+"from the valley of the Murray's pinnacle rocky and naked predominate over several othors was chosen by Strezelecke for a point of trig survey. The particular confiuration of this eminence he recorded struck me so forcibly by the similarity it bears to a tumulus elevated in Krakow, over the tomb of the patriot Kosciusko, that although in a foreign country, on foreign ground, but amongst a free people, who appreciate freedom and its votaries, I could not refrain from giving it the name of Kosciusko".
-anyone woul0. bc'thore, On arrival it was evident that someone was living thore and wc: fond that it is occupied by sheep men all the Summer. Yle camped nearby and thoroughly enjoyed meoting Amos and Tom Blyton, who provided us with ohdps.Bor bl;eF,kfast and a loaf of broad as, a Parting gift next morning. Vie were very,g1,:.d that night to cook at their stove. This hut is situated on top of the range at 6,200 ft. and once again it is not so comfortable for campfires.
-The following morning was very misty and the weather not very promising
+Mt. Townsend however provided one of the most magnificent views imaginable. Visibility was good and we looked away south into the Victorian mountains, range upon range of misty blue, surmounted by a bank of white cloud. Away below to the right was the lovely valley of the Geehi, which we subsequently visited, and which realised for us all that this first glimpse promised.
-looking and we decided to move down to the Alpine Hut, where we knew we would have ample accommodation in the -event of extended bad *eathor. The walk down in the mist was very -)leasant and we passud through grov!es-e beautifully
-fantastic gums that reminded one of Vialt Disneyls drawings, The Alpine Hut which is the property of the Alpine Club'i8 a popular resort for members and friends for skiing in the Vrinter months, in normal times, 'It is a commodious hut with several dormitories, shower roces8 (we heated water and had hot showers and you can imagine what a joy they were after nearly a fortnight out) and a combined kitchen and living room which contains a large fuel stove, There are
+In order to secure an early start down the Ramshead Range we moved up to Seaman's Hut, arriving in a gale of such force that we could hardly stand against it. Lying snugly in bed that night I appreciated the advantage of being within four stout walls. This is a two roomed hut with lobby containing wood (the hut is well above the tree line and no doubt in winter is kept well supplied with wood. We carried all we could find up to it for ouw own use), and contains a stove which serves the double purpose of warming the hut and cooking. There is very little space on it for cooking and it is obviously not intended for anything but a temorary abode. There are windows on each wall and you have lovely views of nearby peaks, hidden by skudding clouds at times or lighted by sunrise or moonlight, but in all circumstances delightful.
-good ski runs in'the near vicinity. The following morning we went on to the
-range and spied the land out for our trip to Jargungal which we planned for the following day. After lunch on the Valentyno River (and along sunbake which was a feature of our days when times permitted) we paid a visit to Mawsons Hut and as usual were received by the mon living there with great friendliness
+Following a very enjoyable trip down to the Murray we returned to Foreman's and as Mr. Wallace still did not put in an apparance we took advantage of the beds, and after a very strenuous climb up Hannels Spur (and after arising at 5 a.m.) we did appreciate those beds! We hope some day to meet Mr. Wallace in order to thank him for the use of his hut. Our food for the second week was left safely there whilst we jaunted down to Victoria.
-and hospitality. They were always a little bit staggered to have five women
-descend on them and a-,?parantly our party was a record in this regard. They brought in a couple of horses for the girls to ride, and'here. again we were presented with a loaf of home baked bread, and enjoyed afternoon tea with thee
+The next hut visited was Pounds and by this time we were so converted to huts that we did not make any attempt to erect our tents. This hut consists of two rooms and is provided with 5 or 6 bedsteads and mattresses, beds one above the other bunk type, and contains the usual cooker. This hut is situated in the loveliest valley and we felt content to stay there indefinitely. We were now down amonst the trees again, and all around were green ridges with snow gums throwing out their branches in fantastic shapes. The Snowy River had greatly increased in size and here were long pools that we felt must abound in trout.
-on that an the following day.
-The next morning we arose at 5 a m..(in the dark) and had eaten break-fart and-climbe on to the range before the sunrise. We made our way through frost
+Whites River Hut has been described to us as being in the most beautiful valley of the Range in Winter, and we understand that in Spring with the surrounding hills smothored in purple heathar it is very delightful. However it was the only hut we found in a dirty condition and we were not impressed. As we left and looked back down the valley, glorious banks of clouds were crossing the horizon, and this somewhat tended to give a happier recollection of the locality.
-covered grass anC,shrubs, and on- the tops there was a thin layerof ica on so.:e
-of the shallow pools. We had a most enjoyable walk across to Jarngal and reached the trig, about 11.a me This is truly ,a glorious mountain, and its peaks are visible from almost any point on. the. range % 'The view 'from the trig. beggars descri-ftLon, and you look out on to a magnificent panamora of mountains and streams.
+We had intended to stay a day or two at the Tin Hut, not knowing that anyone would be there. On arrival it was evident that someone was living there and we found that it is occupied by sheep men all the Summer. We camped nearby and thoroughly enjoyed meeting Amos and Tom Blyton, who provided us with chops for breakfast and a loaf of bread as a parting gift next morning. We were very glad that night to cook at their stove. This hut is situated on top of the range at 6,200 ft. and once again it is not so comfortable for campfires.
-We. left the Mountains with very ha:py recollections of the friendliness and hospitality extended to 'us, and a 'whole hearted admiration for the sheep and Cattle men who keep their huts in a' state of cleanliness and Order that would do credit to any houswife,
-Many of the huts are evailable to walkers or anyone else passing through but of course you do not 11now who else may be there, and many of the men rely on the huts and would not have necessary gear for camping, so that you could not plan a trip on the assumption that you would be able to use' ihe huts. If the Hostel movement or the National Fitness folk could arrange to have huts. for walkers at appropriate intervals on the range it would indeed be grand, Although we prefer to-camp. whenever conditions are anyway sUitable, there,is no doubt, t1-at when you get above the tree line, it is not often that you can be
+The following morning was very misty and the weather not very promising looking and we decided to move down to the Alpine Hut, where we knew we would have ample accommodation in the event of extended bad weather. The walk down in the mist was very pleasant and we passud through groves of beautifully fantastic gums that reminded one of Walt Disney's drawings. The Alpine Hut which is the property of the Alpine Club is a popular resort for members and friends for skiing in the Winter months, in normal times. It is a commodious hut with several dormitories, shower recess (we heated water and had hot showers and you can imagine what a joy they were after nearly a fortnight out) and a combined kitchen and living room which contains a large fuel stove. There are good ski runs in the near vicinity. The following morning we went on to the range and spied the land out for our trip to Jagungal which we planned for the following day. After lunch on the Valentine River (and a long sunbake which was a feature of our days when times permitted) we paid a visit to Mawsons Hut and as usual were received by the man living there with great friendliness and hospitality. They were always a little bit staggered to have five women descend on them and apparantly our party was a record in this regard. They brought in a couple of horses for the girls to ride, and here again we were presented with a loaf of home baked bread, and enjoyed afternoon tea with them on that and the following day.
-'Very comfortable in a tent, and also it would be very helpful not to have the weight of your tent on a
- MAP MAKING. MAKING by "Klister"
+The next morning we arose at 5 a.m. (in the dark) and had eaten breakfast and climbed on to the range before the sunrise. We made our way through frost covered grass and shrubs, and on the tops there was a thin layer of ice on some of the shallow pools. We had a most enjoyable walk across to Jagungal and reached the trig. about 11 a.m. This is truly a glorious mountain, and its peaks are visible from almost any point on the range. The view from the trig. beggars description, and you look out on to a magnificent panamora of mountains and streams.
+We left the mountains with very happy recollections of the friendliness and hospitality extended to us, and a whole hearted admiration for the sheep and cattle men who keep their huts in a state of cleanliness and order that would do credit to any houswife.
+Many of the huts are available to walkers or anyone else passing through but of course you do not know who else may be there, and many of the men rely on the huts and would not have necessary gear for camping, so that you could not plan a trip on the assumption that you would be able to use ihe huts. If the Hostel movement or the National Fitness folk could arrange to have huts for walkers at appropriate intervals on the range it would indeed be grand. Although we prefer to camp whenever conditions are anyway suitable, there is no doubt that when you get above the tree line, it is not often that you can be very comfortable in a tent, and also it would be very helpful not to have the weight of your tent on a fortnight's trip.
+----
+=====Map Making.=====
+by "Klister"
+All of us use (or ought to use) maps in connectLon with our walking. We scale off distances or directions confident that the information so obtained will be reasonably accurate. How is the map made so accurately?
+In rough sketch maps we have drawn at one time or another we have found it difficult to produce something of sufficient accuracy to permit of the attachment of a scale. Another illustration of the difficulty is given by the misshapen maps of Australia produced by the early navigators who could fix the position of coastlines only by astronomical observations and dead reckoning.
+The accuracy of our maps rests on a system of triangulation i.e. the surveyors set up and measure triangles all over the country.
+If you hark back to schoolday trionometry or even geometry you will remember that if the length of one side of a triangle be known, also the magnitude of the angles at each end of that side, the lengths of the other two sides and size of the remaining angle can be readily calculated.
+Now the surveyors, when setting out accurately to map a new country, decide on the base line possibly five or six miles long on a oonvenient plain where its length can be measured very accurately with special and elaborate equipment.
+Then an instrument called a theodolite, which is used in the accurate measurement of horizontal and vertical angles, is set up accurately over one end of the line and sighted on to a target on some convenient mountain or hill. The angle between the base line and the hill is then measured on the theodolite. Similarly the angle subtended by the hill at the other end of the base line is measured. The surveyor then calculates the distance of the hill from each end of the base line and so knows all about the triangle thus formed. He then uses the two sides so found as bases for two more triangles using other hills.
+Where he mounts his target or theodolite he erects a mound of stones. These are usually on hill tops and are what we call "Trigs".
+Now the country is divided into a systim of triangles called primary, secondary and tertiary triangles. The primary triangles may have sides averaging perhaps sixty miles or more in length but occasionally the sides may be over a hundred miles long. The sides of secondary triangles average around ten miles, while tertiary triangles have sides of from one to three miles long.
+This triangulation fixes the position of a large number of points on the proposed map. Then the surveyor takes the area of one of the tertiary triangles and with a light theodolite, tape measure and several other useful instruments starts the process of "filling in" all the topographical details, always with relation to the triangulation system. When "filling in" of all the triangles has been comleted we have a map accurate in scale and meridan.
+The order of accuracy of the triangulation is really amazing. After working from the base line and ciculating through a large number of trianges a check or "base of verification" will be made i.e. a triangle will be so set out as to allow one of its sides to be measured. The measurement so obtained with the accurate measuring gear will be compared with the calculated value. The Salisbury Plain Base of Verification in the trigonometrical survey of the United Kingdom showed a difference of 3 1/2 inches in 36574.7ft!
+The accuracy with which survey work can be executed and results calculated is really surprising. Take, for instance, the engineering survey work in connection with the Simplon Tunnel under the Swiss Alps. Like most tunnels it was driven from both ends simultaneously but starting at different altitudes and having special drainage grades. It is 12 1/2 miles long and took seven years to drive, and all the while the direction of drive of each heading was directed by survey.
+Notwithstanding the great difficulties in co-relating the surveys on either side of the Alps, the tunnels met with a difference of alignment of only 8 inches and a difference of level of 3 inches.
+----
-All of us use (or ought to use) map s in connectLon with our walking.
-scale off diE,tances or directions confident ' that the information so obtained will be reasonably accurate. How is thf map made so accurately?
-In rought sketch maps -he have drawn at one time or another we have found it difficult to produce somethinc3 of sufficient accuracy to permit of the attachment of a scale, Another illustration of the difficulty it given by the misshapen m.,),9 of Australia produced by the early navigators who could fix the position of coqstlines only by astronomical obsb rvations and dead reckoning.
-- - , no.--
-The accuracy of our ma,es rests on a system of triangulation i e. the surveyors sat up and measure triangles all over the country.
-If you hark. back to sohoolay trionomRtry or even geometry you will remember that if th, lenth of one side of a triangle be known, also the mag np,ude of the angles at e.7.ch end c)f that side, the lens'tho of the other two sides and size of the remaining angle can be reaaly calculated.
-Now the surveyors, when sott:Ing out accurately to map a new country, decide on the base line possibly five or six miler.: lo i n a oonvenient plain where its length can be izE)asured very accuratel7 with sDecial and elaborate equiiment,
-Then an instrument called a theodolite, which is used in the accurate measurement of horizontal and vertical angles, is set up accurately over one end of the line and sighted on to a target on some convenient mountain or hill. The angle between the base line and the hill is then measured on the theor'iolite. Similarly the angle subtended by the hill at the other end of the base line is measured. The surveyor then' calculates the ( istance of the hill from each end of the base line and so knows all about the triangle thus formed. He then uses the two sides so found as bas,s for two more triangles using other hills.
-Where he mounta his tars-et or thePdolite he ercts a mound of stones, These are usually on hill tops and are what we call "Trigs".
-Now the country is divided into a systim of triangles called primary, secondary and tertiary triangles. The primary triangles may have sides averaging perhaps sixty miles or more in length but occasionally the sides may be over a hundred miles long. The sides of secondary triangles average around
-ton miles, while tertiary triangles have sides of from one to three miles long.
-This triangulation fixes the ;position of a Large number of points on the pro7Dosed map.. Then the surveyor takes the area of one of the tertiary. triangles and with a light theodolite, tae measure and several other useful instruments starts the process of "filling in" all the topographical details, always with relation to the trianguLltion system. When "filling in" of all the triangles has boon comleted we have a Y,Ia-:) accurate in scale 7md meridan.
-The order of accuracy of the :triangulation is really amazing. After workinglfrom the base line and cicul ting through_ a large number of tric,n,j,les a check or "base of verification" will be made i e. a triangle will be so set out as to allow one of its sides to be measured,. The measurement so obtained with the accurate measuring gear will be compared with the calculated value. The Salisbury Plain Base of Verification ih the trigonometrical survey of the United Kingdom showed a difference of 34' inches in 36574.7ftl
-The accuracy with which surVey work can be executed and results calculated is really sur-DriEingG Take, for instllce, the engineering survey work in connection with the Sim-Pion Tunnel under the Swiss Alps, ,Like most tunnels it was driven from both ends simultaneously but starting at 'different
-. altitudes and having secial drainage grades. It is 124- miles long and took seven years to drive, and all th:. while the direction of drive of each heading was directed by survey.
-.
-_  .... _
-Notwithstanding the great difficulties in co-relating the surveys on either side of the Al--)s, the tunnels met with a difference of alignment of- only 8 inches and a difference of level of 3 inches.
 BUSiPTTALKIG .T.Tf AI.L C.ROSS iTT.7 GT.T I 1T.E.n.
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